2023 Abaalmarinta Nobel ee ka dambeeya cilmigan kacaanka: Attosecond Lasers

Ku Soo Biir Baraha Bulshada Si Aad U Hesho Qoraal Deg Deg Ah

Ogaysiis muhiim ah fiidnimadii Oktoobar 3, 2023, Abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee Fiisigiska ee sanadka 2023 ayaa la daah furay, iyada oo la aqoonsanayo wax ku darsiga muuqda ee saddex saynis yahan oo ka soo ciyaaray door muhiim ah sidii hormoodnimo xagga tignoolajiyada laser-ka labaad.

Erayga "laser-ka labaad" wuxuu magaciisa ka soo qaatay wakhtiga gaaban ee cajiibka ah ee uu ku shaqeeyo, gaar ahaan siday u kala horreeyaan attose seconds, una dhiganta 10^-18 ilbiriqsi. Si loo fahmo muhiimada qotoda dheer ee tignoolajiyadan, fahamka aasaasiga ah ee waxa attosecond ka dhigan tahay ayaa muhiim ah. Attosecond waxay u taagan tahay hal daqiiqo oo aad u dheer, taasoo ka kooban hal bilyan oo bilyan oo ilbiriqsi gudahooda macnaha guud ee hal ilbiriqsi. Si taas loo eego, haddii aan ilbidhiqsi u ekaysiinno buur dheer, attosecond waxay la mid tahay hal hadhuudh oo ciid ah oo buurta salkeeda yaal. Inta u dhexaysa wakhtigan ku meel gaadhka ah, xataa iftiinku waxa uu si dhib yar uga gudbi karaa masaafo u dhiganta cabbirka atamka shaqsiga ah. Isticmaalka laysarka attosecond, saynisyahannadu waxay helayaan awood aan hore loo arag oo ay ku baadhayaan oo ay wax uga qabtaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada qallafsan ee elektarooniga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka atamka, oo la mid ah qaab-dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka tartiib-tartiib-ku-cel-celis ah oo taxane ah, si ay u dhexgalaan is-dhexgalkooda.

Laysarka labaadwaxay ka dhigan tahay gunaanadka cilmi-baadhis ballaadhan iyo dadaallo wadajir ah oo ay sameeyeen saynisyahano, kuwaas oo ka faa'iidaystay mabaadi'da indho-indheynta aan tooska ahayn si ay u farsameeyaan lasers ultrafast. Imaatinkoodu waxa uu na siiyay meel cusub oo ku saabsan fiirsashada iyo sahaminta hababka firfircoon ee ka dhex socda atomyada, molecules, iyo xataa elektaroonnada agabka adag.

Si loo caddeeyo dabeecadda laysarka attosecond iyo qadarinta sifooyinkooda aan caadiga ahayn marka la barbardhigo laysarka caadiga ah, waxaa lama huraan ah in la sahamiyo kala soocitaankooda gudaha "qoyska leysarka" ee ballaaran. Kala soocida mawjadda dhererka waxay dhigaysaa laysarka laba-labaad oo u badan inta u dhaxaysa ultraviolet iyo soo noqnoqoshada raajo jilicsan, taas oo muujinaysa hirarkooda dhererkoodu gaaban yahay marka loo eego laysarka caadiga ah. Marka la eego qaababka wax-soo-saarka, laysarka attosecond waxay hoos yimaadaan qaybta laysarka garaaca, oo lagu garto muddada garaaca wadnaha oo aad u kooban. Si loo sawiro tusaalayn caddaynta, qofku wuxuu qiyaasi karaa laysarka-mawjadaha joogtada ah ee la mid ah toosh siidaaya iftiin joogto ah, halka laysarka garaaca ahi ay u eg yihiin iftiinka strobe, oo si degdeg ah isu beddelaya xilliyada iftiinka iyo mugdiga. Nuxur ahaan, laysarka attosecond waxay soo bandhigaan dabeecad xamaasad leh oo ku dhex jirta iftiinka iyo mugdiga, haddana kala-guurka u dhexeeya labada dawladood wuxuu ku dhacaa soo noqnoqoshada yaab leh, oo gaadha goobta attose seconds.

Kala soocida dheeraadka ah ee korontadu waxay laysarka ku dhejisaa awood hoose, awood dhexdhexaad ah, iyo saldhigyo awood sare leh. Laysarada attosecond waxay gaadhaan awooda ugu saraysa sababtoo ah muddada garaaca wadnaha oo aad u gaaban, taasoo keentay awooda ugu sarreysa (P) - oo lagu qeexay xoojinta tamarta halbeeg kasta (P=W / t). In kasta oo laga yaabo in garaaca wadnaha attosecond ee shakhsi ahaaneed aanay yeelanayn tamar aad u weyn (W), xadkooda ku meel gaadhka ah ee la soo gaabiyey (t) waxa ay siinaysaa awood sare oo sareysa.

Marka la eego xayndaabka codsiga, leysarka waxay ku fidsan yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo ka kooban warshadaha, caafimaadka, iyo codsiyada sayniska. Laysarada Attosecond waxay ugu horrayn ka helaan meel ay ku sugan yihiin gudaha cilmi-baarista sayniska, gaar ahaan sahaminta dhacdooyinka degdega ah ee u koraya ee qaybaha fiisigiska iyo kimistariga, iyagoo siinaya daaqad geedi socodka firfircoonida degdega ah ee adduunka microcosmic.

Kala soocida dhexdhexaadinta layserku waxay qeexaysaa laysarka inay yihiin leysarka gaaska, leysarka gobolka adag, leysarka dareeraha ah, iyo leysarka semiconductor. Jiilka laysarka attosecond caadi ahaan waxay ku xidhan yihiin warbaahinta gaaska laysarka, iyagoo ka faa'iidaysanaya saamaynta indhaha ee aan tooska ahayn si ay u abuuraan hab-raacyo sareeyo.

Isku soo wada duuboo, laysarka attosecond waxay ka kooban yihiin nooc gaar ah oo leysarka garaaca gaabgaaban, oo ay ku kala duwan yihiin waqtiyada garaaca wadnaha ee aan caadiga ahayn, oo caadi ahaan lagu qiyaaso attose seconds. Natiijo ahaan, waxay noqdeen qalab lagama maarmaan u ah fiirsashada iyo xakamaynta hababka firfircoon ee ultrafast ee elektarooniga gudaha atamka, molecules, iyo walxaha adag.

Habka Faahfaahsan ee Jiilka Laser-ka ee Attosecond

Tiknoolajiyada laysarka Attosecond waxay u taagan tahay safka hore ee hal-abuurnimada sayniska, iyada oo ku faanta shuruudo adag oo xiiso leh oo jiilkeeda ah. Si loo caddeeyo qallafsanaanta jiilka laysarka attosecond, waxaan ku bilaabaynaa bandhig kooban oo ku saabsan mabaadi'da asaasiga ah, oo ay ku xigto sarbeebyo muuqda oo laga soo qaatay waaya-aragnimada maalinlaha ah. Akhristayaasha aan aqoon u lahayn durugsan ee fiisigiska khuseeya uma baahna rajo-beel, iyadoo sarbeebaha soo socdaa ay ujeedadoodu tahay in la helo fiisigiska aasaasiga ah ee laser-ka labaad.

Habka jiilka laysarka attosecond wuxuu ugu horreyntii ku tiirsan yahay farsamada loo yaqaan 'High Harmonic Generation' (HHG). Marka hore, laydhka feemtosecond-sare (10^-15 seconds) garaaca laysarka ayaa si adag diiradda u saaraya walxaha bartilmaameedka gaaska. Waxaa xusid mudan in leysarka femtosecond, oo la mid ah laser-ka labaad, ay wadaagaan astaamaha lahaanshaha muddada garaaca wadnaha gaaban iyo awoodda ugu sarreysa. Iyada oo ay saameyn ku leedahay goobta laysarka xooggan, elektaroonnada ku dhex jira atamka gaaska ayaa muddo yar laga xoreeyay nukleigooda atomiga, iyagoo si ku meel gaar ah u galaya xaalad elektaroonig ah oo bilaash ah. Sida elektaroonnadani u meermeeraan iyagoo ka jawaabaya goobta laysarka, waxay ugu dambeyntii ku soo noqdaan oo ay dib ula midoobaan nukleiyada atomiga waalidkood, iyaga oo abuuraya dawlado tamar sare leh oo cusub.

Inta lagu jiro habkan, elektarooniga waxay ku socdaan xawaare aad u sarreeya, iyo marka dib loogu daro nukleiyada atomiga, waxay sii daayaan tamar dheeraad ah oo ah qaab qiiqa iswaafajinta sarreeya, oo muujinaya sida sawir-qaadayaal tamar sare leh.

Soo noqnoqoshada sawir-qaadayaasha tamarta sare ee cusub ee soo baxay waa isku-dhufashada isku-dhafan ee soo noqnoqoshada laysarka asalka ah, samaynta waxa loogu yeero harmonics-dalab sare, halkaas oo "harmonics" ay tilmaamayso soo noqnoqoshada kuwaas oo ah isku-dhufashada udub-dhexaadka ah ee soo noqnoqoshada asalka ah. Si aad u hesho laysarka attosecond, waxa ay noqonaysaa lagama maarmaan in la shaandheeyo oo diiradda la saaro hab-raacyadan hab-sare leh, iyada oo la dooranayo harmonics gaar ah oo xoogga la saarayo meel xudun ah. Haddii la rabo, farsamooyinka cadaadiska garaaca wadnaha ayaa sii soo gaabin kara muddada garaaca wadnaha, taasoo keenaysa garaacyo ultra-gaaban oo kala duwan ee attosecond. Sida cad, jiilka laysarka attosecond wuxuu ka kooban yahay hannaan casri ah oo dhinacyo badan leh, oo dalbanaya heer sare oo farsamo farsamo iyo qalab gaar ah.

Si loo kala saaro nidaamkan qalafsan, waxaanu bixinaa barbar-dhac sarbeeb ah oo ku salaysan xaaladaha maalinlaha ah:

Xakamaynta Sare ee Femtosecond Laser Pulses:

Aragti lahaanshaha katapult awood gaar ah u leh oo awood u leh in uu isla markiiba ku tuuro dhagxaan xawli aad u weyn, oo la mid ah doorka ay ciyaaraan garaaca laysarka feemto-second ee xoogga badan.

Walxaha Beegsiga Gaaska:

Sawiro biyo deggan oo astaan ​​u ah walxaha bartilmaameedka gaaska leh, halkaasoo dhibic kasta oo biyo ah ay ka dhigan tahay tiro badan oo gaas ah. Falka dhagxaanta lagu riixo jidhkan biyaha si isku mid ah waxa uu u miisaamayaa saamaynta xoogga sare ee garaaca gaaska femtosecond ee walxaha bartilmaameedka gaaska ah.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa Elektarooniga ah iyo Dib-u-habaynta ( Kala-guurka Jir ahaaneed):

Marka garaaca laysarka femtosecond ay saameeyaan atamka gaasta ku dhex jira walxaha bartilmaameedka gaaska, tiro aad u badan oo elektaroonik ah oo dibadda ah ayaa si degdeg ah ugu faraxsan xaalad ay ka go'aan nukleiyada atomiga ee ay ka soo jeedaan, samaynta xaalad balasma u eg. Marka tamarta nidaamku ay dib u yaraato (maadaama garaaca laysarka ay si dabiici ah u garaacaan, oo muujinaya waqtiyo joogsi ah), elektaroonadan dibadda ayaa ku soo noqda agagaaraha nuclei-yada atomiga, iyagoo siidaaya sawiro tamar sare leh.

Jiilka Harmonic Sare:

Bal qiyaas mar kasta oo dhibicda biyuhu ay dib ugu soo dhacdo dusha sare ee harada, waxay abuurtaa dooxyo, si la mid ah harmonics sare ee leysarka attosecond. Ripples-yadani waxay leeyihiin soo noqnoqoshada iyo baaxadda sare marka loo eego ripples-kii asalka ahaa ee ay sababto garaaca garaaca wadnaha femtosecond ee aasaasiga ah. Inta lagu jiro hawsha HHG, laysar awood leh, oo la mid ah si joogto ah u tuurista dhagxaanta, ayaa iftiimisa bartilmaameed gaas, oo u eg oogada harada. Goobtan laysarka ah ee xooggani waxay ku dhaqaajisaa elektaroonnada gaaska, oo la mid ah dooxooyinka, kana fogaanaya atamka waalidkood ka dibna dib u soo celiya. Mar kasta oo elektaroonku uu ku soo laabto atamka, waxa uu sii daayaa laysar cusub oo leh soo noqnoqosho sare, oo la mid ah qaabab aad u qallafsan.

Shaandhaynta iyo Diiradaynta:

Isku darka dhammaan alwaaxyada laser-ka cusub ee la soo saaray waxay soo saarayaan noocyo kala duwan oo midabo kala duwan ah (frequencies ama mowjadaha dhererka), kuwaas oo qaarkood ay ka kooban yihiin laysarka attosecond. Si aad u go'doomiso cabbirrada iyo soo noqnoqoshada gaarka ah, waxaad shaqaaleysiin kartaa shaandheyn gaar ah, oo la mid ah xulashada dooxooyinka la rabo, oo aad qorto muraayad weyn si aad diiradda u saarto meel gaar ah.

Cadaadiska garaaca wadnaha (haddii loo baahdo):

Haddii aad hiigsaneyso inaad si dhakhso leh oo gaaban u faafiso dooxooyinka, waxaad dardar gelin kartaa faafintooda adoo isticmaalaya qalab khaas ah, yaraynta wakhtiga ripple kasta uu jiro. Jiilka laysarka attosecond waxay ku lug leeyihiin isdhexgalka adag ee hababka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la jajabiyo oo la arko, waxay noqotaa mid la fahmi karo.

Mulkiilaha Qiimaha Nobel
Sawirrada Guulaystaha.
Isha sawirka: Websaydhka rasmiga ah ee Nobel Prize.
Laser Wavelength kala duwan
Laser of Mowjadaha kala duwan.
Isha sawirka: Wikipedia
Guddiga rasmiga ah ee abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee Harmonics
Qoraalka rasmiga ah ee guddiga abaalmarinta Nobel ee ku saabsan harmonics.
Isha sawirka: Website-ka rasmiga ah ee guddiga qiimaha Nobel

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Waqtiga boostada: Oct-07-2023