Daah-furka iska-caabbinta Semiconductor: Halbeegga Muhiimka ah ee Xakamaynta Waxqabadka

Qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee casriga ah iyo optoelectronics, qalabka semiconductor waxay ciyaaraan door aan la bedeli karin. Laga soo bilaabo taleefannada casriga ah iyo raadaarka baabuurta ilaa laysarka heerka warshadaha, aaladaha semiconductor ayaa meel walba yaal. Dhammaan halbeegyada muhiimka ah, iska caabintu waa mid ka mid ah halbeegyada aasaasiga ah ee fahamka iyo naqshadeynta waxqabadka aaladda semiconductor.

1. Waa maxay iska caabintu?

Iska caabintu waa tiro jireed oo cabbiraysa sida xoogga leh ee shayku uga soo horjeedo socodka hadda korantada, sida caadiga ah lagu muujiyey ohm-sintimitir (Ω·cm). Waxay ka tarjumaysaa "iska caabinta" gudaha ee elektarooniga ah ay la kulmaan marka ay dhex maraan walxaha. Biruhu guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin iska caabin aad u hooseeya, insulators waxay leeyihiin iska caabin aad u sarreeya, iyo semiconductors waxay ku dhacaan meel u dhaxaysa - iyada oo faa'iidada dheeraadka ah ee iska caabbinta la hagaajin karo. Resistivity ρ=R*(L/A), halkaas oo: R ay tahay iska caabbinta korantada, A waa qaybta isdhaafka ah ee walxaha, L waa dhererka walxaha.

2. Waxyaabaha Saamayn Ku Yeesha Iska-caabbinta Semiconductor

Si ka duwan biraha, iska caabinta semiconductors ma aha mid go'an. Waxaa saameeya dhowr arrimood oo muhiim ah:
Nooca Walxaha: Qalabyada kala duwan ee semiconductor sida Silicon (Si), gallium arsenide (GaAs), iyo indium phosphide (InP) waxay leeyihiin qiyamka iska caabinta gudaha ee kala duwan.
② Doping: Soo bandhigida dopants (sida boron ama fosfooraska) ee noocyo kala duwan ah iyo uruurintu waxay bedeshaa xoojinta sidaha, si weyn u saameeya iska caabbinta.
③ Heerkulka: Iska caabin Semiconductor wuxuu aad ugu xiran yahay heerkul sare. Marka heerkulku kordho, xooga-ururinta sidaha ayaa kor u kaca, guud ahaan taas oo keenta iska caabin hoose.
④ Dhismaha Crystal iyo cilladaha: Cilladaha ku jira qaab-dhismeedka crystal-sida kala-baxa ama cilladaha-waxay caqabad ku noqon karaan dhaqdhaqaaqa sideyaasha oo sidaas awgeed saameyn ku yeelanaya iska caabbinta.

3. Sida iska caabintu u saamayso waxqabadka aaladda

Codsiyada la taaban karo, iska caabintu waxay si toos ah u saamaysaa isticmaalka awoodda, xawaaraha jawaabta, iyo xasilloonida hawlgalka. Tusaale ahaan:

Diodes-ka laser-ka, iska caabbinta xad-dhaafka ah waxay keenaysaa kuleyl weyn, kaas oo saameeya waxtarka iftiinka iftiinka iyo cimriga qalabka.

Aaladaha RF, iska caabin taxaddar leh oo si taxadar leh loo hagaajiyay ayaa awood u siinaya isbarbardhigga ugu habboon iyo gudbinta calaamadaha oo la hagaajiyay.

Sawir-qaadayaasha, substrate-ka adkeysiga sare ayaa inta badan lama huraan u ah gaaritaanka waxqabadka mugdiga hoose ee hadda jira.
Sidaa darteed, naqshadeynta saxda ah iyo xakamaynta iska caabbinta ayaa muhiim u ah injineernimada aaladda semiconductor.

4. Heerarka iska caabinta warshadaha ee caadiga ah (Qiimaha tixraaca)

Cadaadiska Nooca Walxaha (Ω·cm)
Silikoon gudaha ah (Si) ~ 2.3 × 10⁵
Silikoon doped (n-nooca/p-nooca) 10⁻³ ~ 10²
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) 10⁶ (semi-insulating) ~ 10⁻³
Indium Fosfide (InP) 10⁴ ~ 10⁻²

5. Gabagabo

Iska caabintu waa wax ka badan halbeegga walxaha-waa qodob muhiim ah oo si toos ah u saameeya waxqabadka iyo isku halaynta aaladaha semiconductor. Lumispot, waxaan ku wanaajinaa iska caabbinta iyada oo loo marayo xulashada walxaha, farsamooyinka doping saxda ah, iyo xakamaynta habka la safeeyey si loo hubiyo in qalabyadeenu ay keenaan hufnaan sare iyo hawlgal xasiloon oo dhan codsiyo kala duwan.

6. Xaggayaga

Lumispot wuxuu ku takhasusay horumarinta iyo soo saarista lasers semiconductor-ka waxqabadka sare leh iyo aaladaha indhaha. Waxaan fahamsanahay doorka muhiimka ah ee cabbiraadaha walxaha sida iska caabintu ay ka ciyaaraan waxqabadka alaabta. Nala soo xidhiidh si aad wax badan uga barato xakamaynta iska caabinta, qalabka semiconductor ee la habeeyey, iyo xalalka naqshadaynta laysarka ee ku habboon baahiyahaaga codsiga.