Lumispot waxay bixisaa hubinta tayada ugu sareysa iyo adeegga iibka kadib, oo ay shahaado ka heleen heer qaran, warshado gaar ah, FDA, iyo nidaamyada tayada CE.Jawaabta degdegga ah ee macaamiisha iyo taageerada iibka ka dib ee firfircoon.
Ku Soo Biir Baraha Bulshada Si Aad U Hesho Qoraal Deg Deg Ah
Dareemayaasha LiDAR hawadaama waxay ku qabsan kartaa dhibco gaar ah garaaca laysarka, oo loo yaqaan cabbiraadaha soo noqoshada discrete, ama duubi kartaa calaamada dhamaystiran marka ay soo noqoto, oo loo yaqaan 'ful-waveform', waqtiyo go'an sida 1 ns (kaas oo daboolaya ilaa 15 cm).Qaabka buuxa ee LiDAR waxaa inta badan lagu isticmaalaa kaymaha, halka soo laabashada goonida ah ee LiDAR ay leedahay codsiyo ballaaran oo dhinacyo kala duwan ah.Maqaalkani wuxuu ugu horrayn ka hadlayaa soo celinta goonida ah ee LiDAR iyo isticmaalkeeda.Cutubkan, waxaanu ku dabooli doonaa dhawr mawduuc oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan LiDAR, oo ay ku jiraan qaybaha aasaasiga ah, sida ay u shaqeyso, saxnimadeeda, nidaamyada, iyo agabyada la heli karo.
Qaybaha aasaasiga ah ee LiDAR
Nidaamyada LiDAR-ku-saleysan ee dhulka sida caadiga ah waxay adeegsadaan laysar leh mowjadaha dhaadheer ee u dhexeeya 500-600 nm, halka nidaamyada hawada ee LiDAR ay isticmaalaan laysar leh hirar dhaadheer, oo u dhexeeya 1000-1600 nm.Habaynta LiDAR hawada ee caadiga ah waxa ka mid ah iskaanka laysarka, unug lagu cabbiro fogaanta (cutubka kala duwan), iyo nidaamyada xakamaynta, la socodka, iyo duubista.Waxa kale oo ka mid ah Nidaamka Meelaynta Caalamiga ah ee Kala Duwan (DGPS) iyo Unugga Cabbirka Inertial (IMU), oo inta badan lagu dhex daro hal nidaam oo loo yaqaan booska iyo habka hanuuninta.Nidaamkani waxa uu bixiyaa xogta saxda ah ee goobta (Longitude, Latitude, iyo joogga) iyo hanuuninta (duubka, garoonka, iyo cinwaanka).
Qaababka uu laysku sawiro aagga way kala duwanaan kartaa, oo ay ku jiraan zigzag, barbaryaal, ama waddooyinka elliptical.Isku darka xogta DGPS iyo IMU, oo ay weheliso xogta cabbirka iyo cabbiraadaha dhejinta, waxay u oggolaanaysaa nidaamku inuu si sax ah u socodsiiyo dhibcaha laysarka ee la ururiyey.Dhibcahaan ayaa markaa loo qoondeeyay isku-duwayaasha (x, y, z) ee nidaamka isku-xidhka juqraafi iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamka Geodetic World ee 1984 (WGS84) datum.
Sidee LiDARDareen Fogshaqeeya?Si Fudud U Sharax
Nidaamka LiDAR wuxuu siidaaya garaaca laysarka degdega ah ee ku wajahan shay bartilmaameed ama dusha sare ah.
garaaca laysarka ayaa ka tarjumaya bartilmaameedka oo ku soo noqda dareeraha LiDAR.
Dareemuhu wuxuu si sax ah u cabbiraa wakhtiga ay ku qaadanayso garaaca garaaca wadnaha iyo dhabarka.
Iyadoo la adeegsanayo xawaaraha iftiinka iyo wakhtiga safarka, masaafada u jirta bartilmaameedka ayaa la xisaabiyaa.
Marka lagu daro booska iyo xogta jihaynta ee GPS iyo dareemayaasha IMU, isku-duwayaasha 3D ee saxda ah ee muraayadaha laysarka ayaa la go'aamiyaa.
Tani waxay keenaysaa daruur cufan oo 3D ah oo ka dhigan dusha ama shay la sawiray.
Mabda'a Jireed ee LiDAR
Nidaamyada LiDAR waxay isticmaalaan laba nooc oo laysarka ah: pulsed iyo mowjadda joogtada ah.Nidaamyada pulsed LiDAR waxay u shaqeeyaan iyaga oo soo diraya garaaca garaaca iftiinka gaaban ka dibna cabbiraya wakhtiga ay qaadanayso in garaaca wadnaha uu u safro bartilmaameedka oo uu dib ugu noqdo soo-dhoweeyaha.Qiyaastan wakhtiga safarka-wareega ah waxay caawisaa in la go'aamiyo masaafada loo jiro bartilmaameedka.Tusaale ahaan waxa lagu muujiyay jaantuska halka baaxadda calaamadaha iftiinka la kala qaado (AT) iyo signalka iftiinka ee la helay (AR) la muujiyo.Isla'egta aasaasiga ah ee nidaamkan lagu isticmaalo waxaa ku jira xawaaraha iftiinka (c) iyo masaafada u jirta bartilmaameedka (R), taasoo u oggolaanaysa nidaamku inuu xisaabiyo masaafada iyadoo lagu saleynayo inta ay qaadanayso iftiinka iftiinka.
Soo laabasho gaar ah iyo cabbir-mawjadaha qaab-buuxa iyadoo la isticmaalayo hawada sare ee LiDAR.
Nidaamka LiDAR hawada ee caadiga ah.
Habka cabbiraadda ee LiDAR, kaas oo tixgalinaya baaraha iyo sifooyinka bartilmaameedka labadaba, waxaa lagu soo koobay isla'egta LiDAR.Isla'egtan waxaa laga soo minguuriyay isla'egta radar waxayna aasaas u tahay fahamka sida nidaamyada LiDAR u xisaabiyaan masaafada.Waxay qeexaysaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya awoodda calaamadda la kala qaado (Pt) iyo awoodda calaamadda la helay (Pr).Asal ahaan, isla'egta ayaa ka caawisa in la qiyaaso inta iftiinka la kala qaado ee lagu soo celiyo qaataha ka dib marka la eego bartilmaameedka, taas oo muhiim u ah go'aaminta fogaanta iyo abuurista maab sax ah.Xidhiidhkani waxa uu tixgalinayaa arrimo ay ka mid yihiin hoos u dhigista signalka iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay fogaanta iyo isdhexgalka dusha sare ee la beegsanayo.
Codsiyada Dareenka Fog ee LiDAR
Dareenka fog ee LiDAR wuxuu leeyahay codsiyo badan oo dhinacyo kala duwan ah:
Dhulka iyo khariidaynta muuqaalka sare ee abuurista moodooyinka sare u qaadida dhijitaalka ah (DEMs).
Khariidaynta kaymaha iyo daaqsinka si loo daraaseeyo qaab-dhismeedka daaqadaha geedaha iyo bayoolajiga.
Maabaynta xeebaha iyo xeebaha si loola socdo nabaad guurka iyo isbeddelada heerka badda.
Qorshaynta magaalada iyo qaabaynta kaabayaasha, oo ay ku jiraan dhismayaasha iyo shabakadaha gaadiidka.
Diiwaangelinta qadiimiga iyo hiddaha dhaqanka ee goobaha iyo agabka taariikhiga ah.
Sahannada dhulka iyo macdanta ee khariidaynta astaamaha dusha sare iyo hawlgallada la socodka.
Baabuur iskiis u socda iyo ogaanshaha caqabadaha.
Sahaminta meeraha, sida khariidaynta oogada Mars.
Ma u baahan tahay Qunsuliyadda Bilaashka ah?
Ilaha LiDAR:
Liistada aan dhamaystirnayn ee ilaha xogta LiDAR iyo software bilaashka ah ayaa lagu bixiyay hoos. Ilaha xogta LiDAR:
1.Muuqaalka muuqaalka furanhttp://www.opentopography.org
2.USGS Earth Explorerhttp://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
3.Inventory Elevation Hay'adaha Maraykankahttps://coast.noaa.gov/ inventory/
4.Maamulka Badweynta iyo Hawada Qaranka (NOAA)Xeebta Dijital ahhttps://www.coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/#
5.Wikipedia LiDARhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lidar_Dataset_(United_States)
6.LiDAR Onlinehttp://www.lidar-online.com
7.Shabakadda Kormeerka Deegaanka ee Qaranka-NEONhttp://www.neonscience.org/data-resources/get-data/airborne-data
8.Xogta LiDAR ee Waqooyiga Spainhttp://b5m.gipuzkoa.net/url5000/en/G_22485/PUBLI&consulta=HAZLIDAR
9.Xogta LiDAR ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiskahttp://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/ list/?return_obj=ob&id=8049, 8042, 8051, 8053
Software-ka LiDAR ee bilaashka ah:
1.Waxay u baahan tahay ENVI.http://bcal.geology.isu.edu/ Envitools.shtml
2.FugroViewer(loogu talagalay LiDAR iyo xogta kale ee raster/vector) http://www.fugroviewer.com/
3.FUSION/LDV(Muuqaalka xogta LiDAR, beddelidda, iyo falanqaynta) http://forsys.cfr.washington.edu/fusion/fusionlatest.html
4.Qalabka LAS(Koodhka iyo software-ka akhriska iyo qorista faylalka LAS) http://www.cs.unc.edu/~isenburg/lastools/
5.LASUtility(Utility GUI utilities si aad u aragto iyo beddelka LASfiles) http://home.iitk.ac.in/~blohani/LASUtility/LASUtility.html
6.LibLAS(C/C++ maktabadda akhriska/qorista qaabka LAS) http://www.liblas.org/
7.MCC-LiDAR( Kala soocida curvature-miisaanka badan ee LiDAR) http://sourceforge.net/projects/mcclidar/
8.MARS FreeView(Muuqaalka 3D ee xogta LiDAR) http://www.merrick.com/Geospatial/Software-Products/MARS-Software
9.Falanqaynta buuxda(Software isha furan si loogu habeeyo loona arko daruuraha LiDARpoint iyo waveforms) http://fullanalyze.sourceforge.net/
10.Point Cloud Magic (A set of software tools for LiDAR point cloud visualiza-tion, editing, filtering, 3D building modeling, and statistical analysis in forestry/ vegetation applications. Contact Dr. Cheng Wang at wangcheng@radi.ac.cn)
11.Akhristaha Dhulka Degdegga ah(Muuqaalka daruuraha dhibicda LiDAR) http://appliedimagery.com/download/ Qalabyada software ee dheeraadka ah ee LiDAR waxaa laga heli karaa bogga ToolRegistry Furan ee http://opentopo.sdsc.edu/tools/listTools.
Mahadnaq
- Maqaalkani waxa uu ka mid yahay cilmi-baarista "LiDAR Remote Sensing and Applications" ee Vinícius Guimarães, 2020. Maqaalka oo dhan waa la heli karaahalkan.
- Liiskan dhamaystiran iyo sharaxaad faahfaahsan ee ilaha xogta LiDAR iyo software bilaashka ah ayaa siinaya qalab lagama maarmaan u ah xirfadlayaasha iyo cilmi-baarayaasha dhinaca dareenka fog iyo falanqaynta juqraafi.
Afeef:
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- Haddii aad aaminsan tahay in mid ka mid ah macluumaadka la isticmaalay uu ku xad-gudbay xuquuqda daabacaada, fadlan nala soo xidhiidh.Waxaan aad ugu rabnaa inaan qaadno tillaabooyinka ku habboon, oo ay ku jiraan ka saarista sawirrada ama bixinta sifo habboon, si loo hubiyo u hoggaansanaanta sharciyada iyo xeerarka hantida garaadka.Hadafkayagu waa inaanu ilaalino madal qani ku ah nuxurka, cadaalad, iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda hantida garaadka dadka kale.
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